极客教程使用Django的电子商务网站
这个项目涉及到开发一个虚拟网站 “电子商务网站”。它为用户提供了商店中各种产品的清单，供用户购买。为了方便网上购物，向用户提供了一个购物车。在选择商品后，它被送入订单确认程序。该系统是使用Python的网络框架Django实现的。为了开发一个电子商务网站，有必要学习和了解许多技术。
范围:本项目的范围将限于电子商务网站的一些功能。它将显示产品，客户可以选择目录和选择产品，并可以从他们的购物车中删除产品，指定每个项目的数量。选定的商品将被收集在一个购物车中。在结账时，卡上的物品将作为订单呈现。顾客可以为购物车中的物品付款，以完成一个订单。这个项目有很大的未来空间。该项目还通过使用登录ID和密码提供安全保障，使未经授权的用户无法进入你的账户。只有拥有相应访问权限的授权人可以访问该软件。
项目中使用的技术：
Django框架和Django默认的SQLite数据库。
建立项目所需的技能组合：
熟悉Python和Django框架的基础知识。
ER图和用例图
客户接口:
1.客户为产品购物
2.客户改变数量
3.客户在购物车中增加一个项目
4.客户查看购物车
5.客户退房
6.客户发送订单
客户的ER图
客户的用例图
管理界面 ：
1.管理员登录
2.管理员插入项目
3.管理员删除项目
4.管理员修改项目
行政管理的ER图
管理员的用例图
一步一步地实现
- 创建普通项目。打开IDE，选择 “文件->新项目 “创建一个普通项目。
- 安装Django。接下来，我们将从终端安装Django模块。我们将使用PyCharm集成终端来完成这项任务。也可以在windows下使用cmd，通过运行_python -m pip install django _命令来安装该模块。
- 检查已安装的Django版本。要检查已安装的Django版本，你可以运行_python -m django -version _命令，如下图所示。
- 创建Django项目。当我们执行django-admin startproject _命令时，它将在我们已经创建的普通项目中创建一个Django项目。_django-admin startproject 项目名称。
- 检查Python3的版本。_python3 -version _
- 运行默认的Django webserver：–Django内部提供了一个默认的webserver，我们可以在这里启动我们的应用程序。python manage.py runserver _命令在终端。_ 默认情况下，该服务器运行在8000端口。在高亮显示的URL上访问Webserver。
用一个文本编辑器打开项目文件夹。目录结构应该是这样的。
Project Structure
现在，在电子商务网站的settings.py中添加商店应用程序。
urls.py
该文件包含网站使用的所有URL模式
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, include
from django.conf.urls.static import static
from . import settings
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
path('', include('store.urls'))
] + static(settings.MEDIA_URL, document_root=settings.MEDIA_ROOT)
Models
下面的截图显示了我们将需要创建的所需模型。这些模型是将被存储在SQLite数据库中的表。
让我们看看每个模型和每个模型所需的字段。
category.py
from django.db import models
class Category(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
@staticmethod
def get_all_categories():
return Category.objects.all()
def __str__(self):
return self.name
customer.py
from django.db import models
class Customer(models.Model):
first_name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
last_name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
phone = models.CharField(max_length=10)
email = models.EmailField()
password = models.CharField(max_length=100)
# to save the data
def register(self):
self.save()
@staticmethod
def get_customer_by_email(email):
try:
return Customer.objects.get(email=email)
except:
return False
def isExists(self):
if Customer.objects.filter(email=self.email):
return True
return False
products.py
from django.db import models
from .category import Category
class Products(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=60)
price = models.IntegerField(default=0)
category = models.ForeignKey(Category, on_delete=models.CASCADE, default=1)
description = models.CharField(
max_length=250, default='', blank=True, null=True)
image = models.ImageField(upload_to='uploads/products/')
@staticmethod
def get_products_by_id(ids):
return Products.objects.filter(id__in=ids)
@staticmethod
def get_all_products():
return Products.objects.all()
@staticmethod
def get_all_products_by_categoryid(category_id):
if category_id:
return Products.objects.filter(category=category_id)
else:
return Products.get_all_products()
Orders.py
from django.db import models
from .product import Products
from .customer import Customer
import datetime
class Order(models.Model):
product = models.ForeignKey(Products,
on_delete=models.CASCADE)
customer = models.ForeignKey(Customer,
on_delete=models.CASCADE)
quantity = models.IntegerField(default=1)
price = models.IntegerField()
address = models.CharField(max_length=50, default='', blank=True)
phone = models.CharField(max_length=50, default='', blank=True)
date = models.DateField(default=datetime.datetime.today)
status = models.BooleanField(default=False)
def placeOrder(self):
self.save()
@staticmethod
def get_orders_by_customer(customer_id):
return Order.objects.filter(customer=customer_id).order_by('-date')
Views :
在视图中，我们创建一个名为home.py, login.py, signup.py, cart.py, checkout.py, orders.py的视图，它接受一个请求并渲染一个HTML作为响应。在模板中创建一个home.html, login.html, signup.html, cart.html, checkout.html, orders.html。并将这些视图映射到storeurls.py文件夹中。
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from .views.home import Index, store
from .views.signup import Signup
from .views.login import Login, logout
from .views.cart import Cart
from .views.checkout import CheckOut
from .views.orders import OrderView
from .middlewares.auth import auth_middleware
urlpatterns = [
path('', Index.as_view(), name='homepage'),
path('store', store, name='store'),
path('signup', Signup.as_view(), name='signup'),
path('login', Login.as_view(), name='login'),
path('logout', logout, name='logout'),
path('cart', auth_middleware(Cart.as_view()), name='cart'),
path('check-out', CheckOut.as_view(), name='checkout'),
path('orders', auth_middleware(OrderView.as_view()), name='orders'),
]
下面的文件显示了网站每个功能的视图。
home.py
from django.shortcuts import render, redirect, HttpResponseRedirect
from store.models.product import Products
from store.models.category import Category
from django.views import View
# Create your views here.
class Index(View):
def post(self, request):
product = request.POST.get('product')
remove = request.POST.get('remove')
cart = request.session.get('cart')
if cart:
quantity = cart.get(product)
if quantity:
if remove:
if quantity <= 1:
cart.pop(product)
else:
cart[product] = quantity-1
else:
cart[product] = quantity+1
else:
cart[product] = 1
else:
cart = {}
cart[product] = 1
request.session['cart'] = cart
print('cart', request.session['cart'])
return redirect('homepage')
def get(self, request):
# print()
return HttpResponseRedirect(f'/store{request.get_full_path()[1:]}')
def store(request):
cart = request.session.get('cart')
if not cart:
request.session['cart'] = {}
products = None
categories = Category.get_all_categories()
categoryID = request.GET.get('category')
if categoryID:
products = Products.get_all_products_by_categoryid(categoryID)
else:
products = Products.get_all_products()
data = {}
data['products'] = products
data['categories'] = categories
print('you are : ', request.session.get('email'))
return render(request, 'index.html', data)
login.py
from django.shortcuts import render, redirect, HttpResponseRedirect
from django.contrib.auth.hashers import check_password
from store.models.customer import Customer
from django.views import View
class Login(View):
return_url = None
def get(self, request):
Login.return_url = request.GET.get('return_url')
return render(request, 'login.html')
def post(self, request):
email = request.POST.get('email')
password = request.POST.get('password')
customer = Customer.get_customer_by_email(email)
error_message = None
if customer:
flag = check_password(password, customer.password)
if flag:
request.session['customer'] = customer.id
if Login.return_url:
return HttpResponseRedirect(Login.return_url)
else:
Login.return_url = None
return redirect('homepage')
else:
error_message = 'Invalid !!'
else:
error_message = 'Invalid !!'
print(email, password)
return render(request, 'login.html', {'error': error_message})
def logout(request):
request.session.clear()
return redirect('login')
signup.py
from django.shortcuts import render, redirect
from django.contrib.auth.hashers import make_password
from store.models.customer import Customer
from django.views import View
class Signup (View):
def get(self, request):
return render(request, 'signup.html')
def post(self, request):
postData = request.POST
first_name = postData.get('firstname')
last_name = postData.get('lastname')
phone = postData.get('phone')
email = postData.get('email')
password = postData.get('password')
# validation
value = {
'first_name': first_name,
'last_name': last_name,
'phone': phone,
'email': email
}
error_message = None
customer = Customer(first_name=first_name,
last_name=last_name,
phone=phone,
email=email,
password=password)
error_message = self.validateCustomer(customer)
if not error_message:
print(first_name, last_name, phone, email, password)
customer.password = make_password(customer.password)
customer.register()
return redirect('homepage')
else:
data = {
'error': error_message,
'values': value
}
return render(request, 'signup.html', data)
def validateCustomer(self, customer):
error_message = None
if (not customer.first_name):
error_message = "Please Enter your First Name !!"
elif len(customer.first_name) < 3:
error_message = 'First Name must be 3 char long or more'
elif not customer.last_name:
error_message = 'Please Enter your Last Name'
elif len(customer.last_name) < 3:
error_message = 'Last Name must be 3 char long or more'
elif not customer.phone:
error_message = 'Enter your Phone Number'
elif len(customer.phone) < 10:
error_message = 'Phone Number must be 10 char Long'
elif len(customer.password) < 5:
error_message = 'Password must be 5 char long'
elif len(customer.email) < 5:
error_message = 'Email must be 5 char long'
elif customer.isExists():
error_message = 'Email Address Already Registered..'
# saving
return error_message
cart.py
from django.db import models
from .product import Products
from .customer import Customer
import datetime
class Order(models.Model):
product = models.ForeignKey(Products,
on_delete=models.CASCADE)
customer = models.ForeignKey(Customer,
on_delete=models.CASCADE)
quantity = models.IntegerField(default=1)
price = models.IntegerField()
address = models.CharField(max_length=50, default='', blank=True)
phone = models.CharField(max_length=50, default='', blank=True)
date = models.DateField(default=datetime.datetime.today)
status = models.BooleanField(default=False)
def placeOrder(self):
self.save()
@staticmethod
def get_orders_by_customer(customer_id):
return Order.objects.filter(customer=customer_id).order_by('-date')
checkout.py
from django.shortcuts import render, redirect
from django.contrib.auth.hashers import check_password
from store.models.customer import Customer
from django.views import View
from store.models.product import Products
from store.models.orders import Order
class CheckOut(View):
def post(self, request):
address = request.POST.get('address')
phone = request.POST.get('phone')
customer = request.session.get('customer')
cart = request.session.get('cart')
products = Products.get_products_by_id(list(cart.keys()))
print(address, phone, customer, cart, products)
for product in products:
print(cart.get(str(product.id)))
order = Order(customer=Customer(id=customer),
product=product,
price=product.price,
address=address,
phone=phone,
quantity=cart.get(str(product.id)))
order.save()
request.session['cart'] = {}
return redirect('cart')
orders.py
from django.shortcuts import render, redirect
from django.contrib.auth.hashers import check_password
from store.models.customer import Customer
from django.views import View
from store.models.product import Products
from store.models.orders import Order
from store.middlewares.auth import auth_middleware
class OrderView(View):
def get(self, request):
customer = request.session.get('customer')
orders = Order.get_orders_by_customer(customer)
print(orders)
return render(request, 'orders.html', {'orders': orders})
该项目已经包括很多功能。主要受益者是客户和管理员，他们在网上的行为时间更长。此外，在未来可以确定和纳入更多的功能。这将需要更多的时间和努力来了解需求，并将其调整为一个计算机化的系统，以适应额外的功能。