Swift 扩展
使用扩展可以为现有的类、结构或枚举类型添加功能。扩展可以添加类型功能,但无法通过扩展覆盖功能。
Swift扩展功能 –
- 添加计算属性和计算类型属性
- 定义实例和类型方法
- 提供新的初始化器
- 定义下标
- 定义和使用新的嵌套类型
- 使现有类型符合协议
扩展使用关键字 ‘extension’ 声明
语法
extension SomeType {
// new functionality can be added here
}
现有的类型也可以通过扩展来添加,使其成为一个协议标准,其语法与类或结构相似。
extension SomeType: SomeProtocol, AnotherProtocol {
// protocol requirements is described here
}
计算属性
通过扩展还可以扩展计算的“实例”和“类型”属性。
extension Int {
var add: Int {return self + 100 }
var sub: Int { return self - 10 }
var mul: Int { return self * 10 }
var div: Int { return self / 5 }
}
let addition = 3.add
print("Addition is \(addition)")
let subtraction = 120.sub
print("Subtraction is \(subtraction)")
let multiplication = 39.mul
print("Multiplication is \(multiplication)")
let division = 55.div
print("Division is \(division)")
let mix = 30.add + 34.sub
print("Mixed Type is \(mix)")
当我们在playground上运行上面的程序时,我们得到以下结果-
Addition is 103
Subtraction is 110
Multiplication is 390
Division is 11
Mixed Type is 154
初始化器
Swift 4通过扩展提供了向现有类型添加新的初始化器的灵活性。用户可以添加自己的自定义类型以扩展已定义的类型,并且还可以有额外的初始化选项。扩展仅支持init(),不支持deinit()。
struct sum {
var num1 = 100, num2 = 200
}
struct diff {
var no1 = 200, no2 = 100
}
struct mult {
var a = sum()
var b = diff()
}
let calc = mult()
print ("Inside mult block \(calc.a.num1, calc.a.num2)")
print("Inside mult block \(calc.b.no1, calc.b.no2)")
let memcalc = mult(a: sum(num1: 300, num2: 500),b: diff(no1: 300, no2: 100))
print("Inside mult block \(memcalc.a.num1, memcalc.a.num2)")
print("Inside mult block \(memcalc.b.no1, memcalc.b.no2)")
extension mult {
init(x: sum, y: diff) {
let X = x.num1 + x.num2
let Y = y.no1 + y.no2
}
}
let a = sum(num1: 100, num2: 200)
print("Inside Sum Block:\( a.num1, a.num2)")
let b = diff(no1: 200, no2: 100)
print("Inside Diff Block: \(b.no1, b.no2)")
当我们在游乐场上运行上面的程序时,我们得到以下结果 –
Inside mult block (100, 200)
Inside mult block (200, 100)
Inside mult block (300, 500)
Inside mult block (300, 100)
Inside Sum Block:(100, 200)
Inside Diff Block: (200, 100)
方法
通过扩展(extension)可以进一步向子类添加新的实例方法和类型方法。
extension Int {
func topics(summation: () -> ()) {
for _ in 0..<self {
summation()
}
}
}
4.topics(summation: {
print("Inside Extensions Block")
})
3.topics(summation: {
print("Inside Type Casting Block")
})
当我们使用playground运行上面的程序时,我们得到以下结果-
Inside Extensions Block
Inside Extensions Block
Inside Extensions Block
Inside Extensions Block
Inside Type Casting Block
Inside Type Casting Block
Inside Type Casting Block
topics()函数接受一个类型为'(summation: () → ())’的参数,以表示该函数不接受任何参数并且不会返回任何值。为了多次调用该函数,需要初始化for块并初始化带有topic()的方法。
Mutating实例方法
通过声明扩展,实例方法也可以被改变。
修改self或其属性的结构和枚举方法必须将实例方法标记为mutating,就像从原始实现继承的mutating方法一样。
extension Double {
mutating func square() {
let pi = 3.1415
self = pi * self * self
}
}
var Trial1 = 3.3
Trial1.square()
print("Area of circle is: \(Trial1)")
var Trial2 = 5.8
Trial2.square()
print("Area of circle is: \(Trial2)")
var Trial3 = 120.3
Trial3.square()
print("Area of circle is: \(Trial3)")
当我们在playground上运行以上程序时,我们得到以下结果−
Area of circle is: 34.210935
Area of circle is: 105.68006
Area of circle is: 45464.070735
下标
通过扩展,还可以对已声明的实例添加新的下标。
extension Int {
subscript(var multtable: Int) -> Int {
var no1 = 1
while multtable > 0 {
no1 *= 10
--multtable
}
return (self / no1) % 10
}
}
print(12[0])
print(7869[1])
print(786543[2])
当我们在playground上运行上述程序时,我们得到以下结果−
2
6
5
嵌套类型
类、结构体和枚举的嵌套类型也可以通过扩展进行扩展。
extension Int {
enum calc {
case add
case sub
case mult
case div
case anything
}
var print: calc {
switch self {
case 0:
return .add
case 1:
return .sub
case 2:
return .mult
case 3:
return .div
default:
return .anything
}
}
}
func result(numb: [Int]) {
for i in numb {
switch i.print {
case .add:
print(" 10 ")
case .sub:
print(" 20 ")
case .mult:
print(" 30 ")
case .div:
print(" 40 ")
default:
print(" 50 ")
}
}
}
result(numb: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7])
当我们在playground上运行上面的程序时,我们得到以下结果 –
10
20
30
40
50
50