# R program to calculate log value 
print(log(1)) 
print(log(30)) 
print(log(0)) 
print(log(-44)) 

[1] 0
[1] 3.401197
[1] -Inf
[1] NaN
Warning message:
In log(-44) : NaNs produced

# R program to calculate log value 
print(log(10,base=10)) 
print(log(16,base=2)) 
print(log(0,base=10)) 
print(log(-44,base=4)) 

[1] 1
[1] 4
[1] -Inf
[1] NaN
Warning message:
In print(log(-44, base = 4)) : NaNs produced

# R program to calculate log value 
print(log10(1)) 
print(log10(10)) 
print(log10(0)) 
print(log10(-44)) 

[1] 0
[1] 1
[1] -Inf
[1] NaN
Warning message:
In print(log10(-44)) : NaNs produced

# R program to illustrate 
# the use of log1p() method
  
# Getting the accurate natural 
# logarithm of 1 + x, where x is 
# the specified value and throws 
# infinity for 0 and NaN for negative value.
print(log1p(1))
print(log1p(10))
print(log1p(0))
print(log1p(-44))

[1] 0.6931472
[1] 2.397895
[1] 0
[1] NaN
Warning message:
In log1p(-44) : NaNs produced

# R program to illustrate 
# the use of log2() method
  
# Getting the logarithm of x 
# to base 2, where x is the 
# specified value or throws 
# infinity for 0 and NaN for negative value.
print(log2(1))
print(log2(2))
print(log2(0))
print(log2(-44))

[1] 0
[1] 1
[1] -Inf
[1] NaN
Warning message:
In print(log2(-44)) : NaNs produced