Spring Boot @DataJpaTest 教程显示了如何使用@DataJpaTest 注解测试 JPA 存储库。
Spring 是用于创建企业应用的流行 Java 应用框架。 Spring Boot 是 Spring 框架的演进,可帮助您轻松创建独立的,生产级的基于 Spring 的应用。
@DataJpaTest
@DataJpaTest
用于测试 JPA 信息库。 与@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
结合使用。 注解会禁用完全自动配置,并且仅应用与 JPA 测试相关的配置。 默认情况下,带有@DataJpaTest
注解的测试使用嵌入式内存数据库。
在我们的测试中,我们可以从应用中注入 DataSource,@ JdbcTemplate,@ EntityManager 或任何 Spring Data 存储库。
包含所有这些组件(包括内存数据库)的应用上下文在所有用@DataJpaTest
注解的测试类中的所有测试方法之间共享。 因此,每个测试方法都在自己的事务中运行,该事务在方法执行后会回滚。 这样,测试就彼此保持独立。
Spring @DataJpaTest
示例
下面的应用创建一个自定义的 JPA 查询方法。 该方法在带有@DataJpaTest
注解的测试类中进行测试。
pom.xml
src
├───main
│ ├───java
│ │ └───com
│ │ └───zetcode
│ │ │ Application.java
│ │ │ MyRunner.java
│ │ ├───model
│ │ │ City.java
│ │ └───repository
│ │ CityRepository.java
│ └───resources
│ application.properties
│ data-h2.sql
│ schema-h2.sql
└───test
└───java
└───com
└───zetcode
└───repository
CityRepositoryTest.java
这是项目结构。
pom.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0
http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>com.zetcode</groupId>
<artifactId>springbootdatajpatest</artifactId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
<packaging>jar</packaging>
<properties>
<project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
<maven.compiler.source>11</maven.compiler.source>
<maven.compiler.target>11</maven.compiler.target>
</properties>
<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>2.1.1.RELEASE</version>
</parent>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.h2database</groupId>
<artifactId>h2</artifactId>
<scope>runtime</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>
Maven POM 文件包含 Spring Data JPA,测试和 H2 数据库的依赖项。
resources/application.properties
spring.main.banner-mode=off
spring.datasource.platform=h2
spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto=none
application.properties
是主要的 Spring Boot 配置文件。 使用spring.main.banner-mode
属性,我们可以关闭 Spring 标语。 spring.datasource.platform
设置数据库的供应商名称。 在初始化脚本中使用它。 最后,spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto
禁止从实体自动创建模式。
resources/schema-h2.sql
CREATE TABLE cities(id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
name VARCHAR(255), population INT);
启动应用时,将执行schema-h2.sql
脚本。 它创建一个新的数据库表。
resources/data-h2.sql
INSERT INTO cities(name, population) VALUES('Bratislava', 432000);
INSERT INTO cities(name, population) VALUES('Budapest', 1759000);
INSERT INTO cities(name, population) VALUES('Prague', 1280000);
INSERT INTO cities(name, population) VALUES('Warsaw', 1748000);
INSERT INTO cities(name, population) VALUES('Los Angeles', 3971000);
INSERT INTO cities(name, population) VALUES('New York', 8550000);
INSERT INTO cities(name, population) VALUES('Edinburgh', 464000);
INSERT INTO cities(name, population) VALUES('Suzhou', 4327066);
INSERT INTO cities(name, population) VALUES('Zhengzhou', 4122087);
INSERT INTO cities(name, population) VALUES('Berlin', 3671000);
INSERT INTO cities(name, population) VALUES('Brest', 139163);
INSERT INTO cities(name, population) VALUES('Bucharest', 1836000);
之后,执行data-h2.sql
文件。 它用数据填充表。
com/zetcode/model/City.java
package com.zetcode.model;
import java.util.Objects;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.Table;
@Entity
@Table(name = "cities")
public class City {
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.AUTO)
private Long id;
private String name;
private int population;
public City() {
}
public City(String name, int population) {
this.name = name;
this.population = population;
}
public Long getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(Long id) {
this.id = id;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getPopulation() {
return population;
}
public void setPopulation(int population) {
this.population = population;
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
int hash = 7;
hash = 79 * hash + Objects.hashCode(this.id);
hash = 79 * hash + Objects.hashCode(this.name);
hash = 79 * hash + this.population;
return hash;
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (this == obj) {
return true;
}
if (obj == null) {
return false;
}
if (getClass() != obj.getClass()) {
return false;
}
final City other = (City) obj;
if (this.population != other.population) {
return false;
}
if (!Objects.equals(this.name, other.name)) {
return false;
}
return Objects.equals(this.id, other.id);
}
@Override
public String toString() {
var builder = new StringBuilder();
builder.append("City{id=").append(id).append(", name=")
.append(name).append(", population=")
.append(population).append("}");
return builder.toString();
}
}
这是City
实体。
com/zetcode/repository/CityRepository.java
package com.zetcode.repository;
import com.zetcode.model.City;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.Query;
import org.springframework.data.repository.CrudRepository;
import org.springframework.data.repository.query.Param;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;
import java.util.List;
@Repository
public interface CityRepository extends CrudRepository<City, Long> {
@Query("SELECT c FROM City c WHERE c.name LIKE CONCAT('%',:ending, '%') AND c.population < :num")
List<City> findByNameEndingWithAndPopulationLessThan(@Param("ending") String ending,
@Param("num") Integer num);
}
CityRepository
包含自定义的findByNameEndingWithAndPopulationLessThan()
方法。 使用该方法,我们可以得到所有以指定字符串结尾且其人口小于指定值的城市名称。
com/zetcode/MyRunner.java
package com.zetcode;
import com.zetcode.repository.CityRepository;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.CommandLineRunner;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
@Component
public class MyRunner implements CommandLineRunner {
private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MyRunner.class);
@Autowired
private CityRepository cityRepository;
@Override
public void run(String... args) throws Exception {
var cities = cityRepository.findByNameEndingWithAndPopulationLessThan("est", 1800000);
cities.forEach(city -> logger.info("{}", city));
}
}
在MyRunner
中,我们使用findByNameEndingWithAndPopulationLessThan()
方法。
Note: In Java enterprise applications it is a good practice to define a service layer that works with repositories. For simplicity reasons, we skip the service layer.
com/zetcode/Application.java
package com.zetcode;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
@SpringBootApplication
public class Application {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args);
}
}
Application
设置 Spring Boot 应用。 @SpringBootApplication
启用自动配置和组件扫描。
com/zetcode/repository/CityRepositoryTest.java
package com.zetcode.repository;
import com.zetcode.model.City;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.orm.jpa.DataJpaTest;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner;
import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@DataJpaTest
public class CityRepositoryTest {
@Autowired
private CityRepository repository;
@Test
public void should_find_all_customers() {
Iterable<City> cities = repository.findAll();
int nOfCities = 12;
assertThat(cities).hasSize(nOfCities);
}
@Test
public void should_find_with_name_ending_population_less_than() {
var cities = repository.findByNameEndingWithAndPopulationLessThan("est", 150000);
assertThat(cities).isNotEmpty();
}
}
在CityRepositoryTest
中,我们测试了自定义 JPA 方法。
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@DataJpaTest
public class CityRepositoryTest {
CityRepositoryTest
带有@DataJpaTest
注解。 内存中的 H2 数据库用于执行集成测试。
@Test
public void should_find_with_name_ending_population_less_than() {
var cities = repository.findByNameEndingWithAndPopulationLessThan("est", 150000);
assertThat(cities).isNotEmpty();
}
此方法测试至少有一个城市的名字以“ est”结尾并且人口少于 150000。
$ mvn spring-boot:test
我们运行测试。
在本教程中,我们展示了如何使用@DataJpaTest
测试自定义 JPA 存储库方法。